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<title>Distributed ledger</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Distributed ledger</span></span>

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<p>A <b>distributed ledger</b> (also called a <b>shared ledger</b> or <b>distributed ledger technology</b> or <b>DLT</b>) is a system whereby replicated, shared, and synchronized digital <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> is geographically spread (distributed) across many sites, countries, or institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-UKscienceOffice201601_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKscienceOffice201601-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its fundamental rationale is <a href="Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a> whereby its veracity relies on a popular or majority of nodes to force the system to agree. In contrast to a <a href="Centralized_database" title="Centralized database">centralized database</a>, a distributed ledger does not require a central administrator, and consequently does not have a <a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single (central) point-of-failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raiib_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raiib-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In general, a distributed ledger requires a <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer (P2P)</a> computer network and <a href="Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">consensus</a> algorithms so that the ledger is reliably replicated across distributed computer nodes (servers, clients, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-raiib_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raiib-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common form of distributed ledger technology is the <a href="Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> (commonly associated with the <a href="Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">bitcoin</a> <a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a>), which can either be on a public or private network. Infrastructure for data management is a common barrier to implementing DLT.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Distributed ledger data is typically spread across multiple nodes (computational devices) on a P2P network, where each replicates and saves an identical copy of the ledger data and updates itself independently of other nodes. The primary advantage of this distributed processing pattern is the lack of a central authority, which would constitute a <a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a>. When a ledger update transaction is broadcast to the P2P network, each distributed node processes a new update transaction independently, and then collectively all working nodes use a <a href="Consensus_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensus algorithm">consensus algorithm</a> to determine the correct copy of the updated ledger. Once a consensus has been determined, all the other nodes update themselves with the latest, correct copy of the updated ledger.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security is enforced through cryptographic keys and signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p><a href="Certificate_Transparency" title="Certificate Transparency">Certificate Transparency</a> is an Internet security standard for monitoring and auditing the issuance of digital certificates based on a distributed ledger. It was initiated in 2011, standardised in 2013 and started to be used by the Google Chrome browser for all certificates in 2018.

</p><p>In 2016, some banks tested distributed ledger systems for payments<sup id="cite_ref-cbl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to determine their usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-raiib_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raiib-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, <a href="Axoni" title="Axoni">Axoni</a> launched Veris, a distributed ledger platform that manages equity swap transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform, which matches and reconciles post-trade data on stock swaps, is used by <a href="BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock Inc</a>., <a href="Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs Group Inc</a>., and <a href="Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup, Inc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A pilot scheme by the <a href="Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a> completed its first live trades using DLT in 2022. The pilot by Singapore's central bank involved JP Morgan, SBI Digital Asset Holdings and DBS. The banks traded using smart contracts against liquidity pools of <a href="Tokenization_(data_security)" title="Tokenization (data security)">tokenized</a> Singapore government bonds, Japanese government bonds, yen, and Singapore dollars. Singapore has set up two more pilots. Standard Chartered Bank is exploring tokens for trade finance; and <a href="HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> and <a href="United_Overseas_Bank" title="United Overseas Bank">United Overseas Bank</a> are working with Marketnode, a digital markets infrastructure provider, on products for wealth management.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>DLT can be used for <a href="Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contracting</a>, which is the formation of contracts which automatically complete when triggered by prevailing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>DLT is itself secured by cryptographic methods, but can also be used as a base layer on which to build further cryptographic applications, such as protocols that require or benefit from a public broadcast mechanism, including <a href="Transparent_decryption" title="Transparent decryption">transparent decryption</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>In the context of cryptocurrencies, distributed ledger technologies can be categorized in terms of their <a href="Data_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Data structures">data structures</a>, <a href="Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">consensus algorithms</a>, permissions, and whether they are mined. DLT data structure types include linear data structures (<a href="Blockchains" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockchains">blockchains</a>) to more complex <a href="Directed_acyclic_graphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed acyclic graphs">directed acyclic graph</a> (DAG) and hybrid data structures. DLT consensus algorithm types include <a href="Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> (PoW) and <a href="Proof-of-stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-stake">proof-of-stake</a> (PoS) algorithms and DAG consensus-building and voting algorithms. DLTs are generally either permissioned (private) or permissionless (public).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PoW cryptocurrencies are generally either 'mined' or 'non-mined', where the latter typically indicates 'pre-mined' cryptocurrencies, such as <a href="XRP" class="mw-redirect" title="XRP">XRP</a> or <a href="IOTA_(technology)" title="IOTA (technology)">IOTA</a>. PoS cryptocurrencies do not use miners, instead usually relying on validation among owners of the cryptocurrency, such as <a href="Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a> or <a href="Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a>.

</p><p>Blockchains are the most common DLT type, with a 256-bit <a href="Secure_Hash_Algorithms" title="Secure Hash Algorithms">secure hash algorithm</a> (SHA). DLTs based on DAG data structures or hybrid blockchain-DAG decrease transaction data size and transaction costs, while increasing transaction speeds compared with bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of DAG DLT cryptocurrencies include MIOTA (<a href="IOTA_(technology)" title="IOTA (technology)">IOTA</a> Tangle DLT) and HBAR (<a href="Hashgraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashgraph">Hedera Hashgraph</a>). <a href="Holochain" title="Holochain">Holochain</a> represents a departure from traditional DLT models, using an agent-centric approach with individual source chains and a <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> (DHT) for data validation, eliminating the need for a global consensus mechanism.

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<ul><li><a href="Hyperledger" title="Hyperledger">Hyperledger</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized Finance (DeFi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptoeconomics" title="Cryptoeconomics">Cryptoeconomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">Eventual consistency</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevil, S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/distributed-ledger-technology-dlt.asp">Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT): Definition and How It Works</a>, <i>Investopedia</i>, updated on 14 June 2024, accessed on 22 June 2024</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120102/https://blockchainhub.net/blockchains-and-distributed-ledger-technologies-in-general/">"Blockchains & Distributed Ledger Technologies"</a>. <i>Blockchainhub Berlin</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blockchainhub.net/blockchains-and-distributed-ledger-technologies-in-general/">the original</a> on 2018-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPervez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pervez, H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330880551">"A Comparative Analysis of DAG-Based Blockchain Architectures"</a>. ICOSST 2018.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location (link)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Cryptocurrencies710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blockchain" title="Blockchain">Blockchain</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_tumbler" title="Cryptocurrency tumbler">Cryptocurrency tumbler</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_wallet" title="Cryptocurrency wallet">Cryptocurrency wallet</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_finance#Decentralized_exchanges" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightning_Network" title="Lightning Network">Lightning Network</a></li>

<li><a href="MetaMask" title="MetaMask">MetaMask</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">Consensus</a> mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proof_of_authority" title="Proof of authority">Proof of authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_of_space" title="Proof of space">Proof of space</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a></li>

<li><a href="MazaCoin" title="MazaCoin">MazaCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Namecoin" title="Namecoin">Namecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Titcoin" title="Titcoin">Titcoin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (1.0)</li>

<li><a href="Ethereum_Classic" title="Ethereum Classic">Ethereum Classic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scrypt" title="Scrypt">Scrypt</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auroracoin" title="Auroracoin">Auroracoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Litecoin" title="Litecoin">Litecoin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Equihash" title="Equihash">Equihash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li>

<li><a href="Zcash" title="Zcash">Zcash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RandomX-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">X11</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Petro_(token)" title="Petro (token)">Petro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AmbaCoin" title="AmbaCoin">AmbaCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Nervos_Network" title="Nervos Network">Nervos Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Primecoin" title="Primecoin">Primecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Verge_(cryptocurrency)" title="Verge (cryptocurrency)">Verge</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertcoin" title="Vertcoin">Vertcoin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorand" title="Algorand">Algorand</a></li>

<li><a href="Avalanche_(blockchain_platform)" title="Avalanche (blockchain platform)">Avalanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (2.0)</li>

<li><a href="Gridcoin" title="Gridcoin">Gridcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Injective_(blockchain)" title="Injective (blockchain)">Injective</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Polkadot_(blockchain_platform)" title="Polkadot (blockchain platform)">Polkadot</a></li>

<li><a href="Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a></li>

<li><a href="Steemit" title="Steemit">Steem</a></li>

<li><a href="Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ERC-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ERC-20">ERC-20</a> tokens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augur_(software)" title="Augur (software)">Augur</a></li>

<li><a href="Aventus_(protocol)" title="Aventus (protocol)">Aventus</a></li>

<li><a href="Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token" title="Brave (web browser)">Basic Attention Token</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainlink_(blockchain_oracle)" title="Chainlink (blockchain oracle)">Chainlink</a></li>

<li><a href="KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygon_(blockchain)" title="Polygon (blockchain)">Polygon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)" title="Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)">Shiba Inu</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stablecoin" title="Stablecoin">Stablecoins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="Tether_(cryptocurrency)" title="Tether (cryptocurrency)">Tether</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Meme_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Meme coins">Meme coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="%24CHILLGUY" class="mw-redirect" title="$CHILLGUY">Chill Guy</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBcoin">LGBcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="%24Libra" class="mw-redirect" title="$Libra">Libra</a></li>

<li><a href="%24Melania" class="mw-redirect" title="$Melania">Melania</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawthereum" title="Pawthereum">Pawthereum</a></li>

<li><a href="%24Trump" title="$Trump">Trump</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hashgraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashgraph">HBAR (Hashgraph)</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a></li>

<li><a href="MobileCoin" title="MobileCoin">MobileCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="SafeMoon" title="SafeMoon">SafeMoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_(payment_network)" title="Stellar (payment network)">Stellar</a></li>

<li><a href="WhopperCoin" title="WhopperCoin">WhopperCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="XRP_Ledger" title="XRP Ledger">XRP Ledger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">Inactive currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">BitConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li>

<li><a href="KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="OneCoin" title="OneCoin">OneCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Petro_(token)" title="Petro (token)">Petro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crypto service companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hyperledger" title="Hyperledger">Hyperledger</a></li>

<li><a href="Quahl" title="Quahl">Initiative Q</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%24Libra_cryptocurrency_scandal" title="$Libra cryptocurrency scandal">$Libra cryptocurrency scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Airdrop_(cryptocurrency)" title="Airdrop (cryptocurrency)">Airdrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador" title="Bitcoin in El Salvador">Bitcoin in El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="BitLicense" title="BitLicense">BitLicense</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li>

<li><a href="Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Crypto-anarchy" title="Crypto-anarchy">Crypto-anarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrencies_in_Europe" title="Cryptocurrencies in Europe">Cryptocurrencies in Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrencies_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cryptocurrencies in Puerto Rico">Cryptocurrencies in Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_in_Australia" title="Cryptocurrency in Australia">Cryptocurrency in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_in_Nigeria" title="Cryptocurrency in Nigeria">Cryptocurrency in Nigeria</a></li>

<li>Cryptocurrency scams</li>

<li><a href="Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_application" title="Decentralized application">Decentralized application</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_ledger_technology_law" title="Distributed ledger technology law">Distributed ledger technology law</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-spending" title="Double-spending">Double-spending</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_bitcoin" title="Environmental impact of bitcoin">Environmental impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial_coin_offering" title="Initial coin offering">Initial coin offering</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial_exchange_offering" title="Initial exchange offering">Initial exchange offering</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a></li>

<li><a href="Token_money" title="Token money">Token money</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_bitcoin_reserve_(United_States)" title="Strategic bitcoin reserve (United States)">United States Strategic Bitcoin Reserve</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cryptocurrency">Commons</a></b></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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